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Today music is considered a peripheral aspect of everyday life, meant to
provide pleasure for our ears or just create a nice atmosphere in the
background. Concepts that combine music with the divine may sound trivial to
modern people but that was not the case in the ancient years: back then music was
tightly related to God, religion and science and fulfilled a series of
functions as a part of ceremonies, rituals, war campaigns etc. In ancient
Greece specifically, music was viewed as an inseparable part of cosmos in which
people could find clues about their inner self or the world that surrounded
them. The Greek astronomer, philosopher,
mathematician and mystic, Pythagoras, was the first to notice that all music
can be translated to numbers and mathematical ratios, the same that rule the
universe . One of his most famous theories was the
theory of ‘The Music of the Spheres’ that supported the idea of living in a
music universe where ‘the whole heaven is a musical scale’ ). Pythagoras
and his followers (Pythagoreans) speculated that the planets (spheres) produce
sound due to their enormous size and movement, and tried to calculate their distances
and speed. They found that these distances resemble the musical scales and
concluded that the movements of celestial bodies produce sound and harmony,
similar to the one of the plucked strings of a lyre. This sound according to
Aristotle is not audible as it is present in our ears from the first day we are
born, therefore it is indistinguishable from its contrary silence .
The concept of a universe governed by music laws as described by ‘The
Music of the Spheres’ was highly influential for later philosophers. Plato in
plenty of his works supports the relation between music and the universe’s
harmony ; the Neo-Platonist philosophers Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyrious
emphasize the connection of muses (=musiki,
greek) and the spheres ; the theologian Saint Augustine in his book ‘de Musica’ presents musical harmony as a
simile for the harmony of human soul with the universe ; Martianus Capella in ‘de Nuptiis Philologiae and Mercurii’ depicts universe as a result of the music
produced by the muses turning the spheres etc. Johannes
Kepler (1571-1630), the German astronomer, also embraced ‘The Music of the
Spheres’ and attempted to explain the proportions of cosmos in terms of music
after a detailed research about the causes underlying world’s construction in his
book ‘Harmonices Mundi’ .
It should be noted that Pythagoras who was credited with the idea was
influenced by his journeys to Egypt, Middle-East and Italy, where he studied
astronomy and maths and was introduced to Hinduism and the teachings of Gautama
the Buddha. The
Indians, long ago before Pythagoras, believed that music was related to non-physical
dimensions of existence. Sound was an earthly reflection of a divine vibratory
activity that originated beyond the conventional world and this activity was
the basis of all matter and energy in cosmos. Hinduism knows this activity as OM and divides it in several Cosmic
Tones, thus several frequencies (inaudible to our ears) that cause every
substance of the perceived world to
vibrate. To be more precise, Hinduism teaches that this vibratory activity, sound,
does not only cause the vibration of all matter but it is itself the matter
that constitutes cosmos.
By examining Pythagoras’s ‘The Music of the Spheres’ and the Indian
teachings mentioned before we can find severe similarities: they both talk
about a universe governed by the laws of sound where appears harmony and order.
It is the main characteristic of sound, the vibrations (cyclic patterns) that
cause things to be perceivable and it is the harmony behind these patterns that
creates order out of what is seemingly chaotic, although human sensations are
inadequate to hear this. In other words, as Pythagoras said, cosmos is a vast
lyre that someone plucked its strings and the vibrations are still producing
harmonics and after effects.
This ancient way of understanding the cosmos could be considered just a vague
speculation as it was not based on academic research and definitely not founded
upon advanced scientific observation and experimentation. But hundreds years
after Pythagoras, Johannes Kepler, living in an era when he had access to a
variety of observation instruments (such as the telescope) and scientific
thought was much more developed, came more or less to the same conclusions(although there are several and severe objections to his findings). Moreover,
modern physicists nowadays start to believe that all matter is energy pulsating.
The idea that an object can be divided infinite times until we reach the
tiniest piece of matter is rejected and scientists in an attempt to explain the
seemingly strange findings in the quantum physics’ field, have come up with the
String Theory. The latter, as its name implies, resembles ‘The Music of the
Spheres’, and replaces the point-like particles of standard physics with
strings that pulsate in specific resonant frequencies, particle-like energy
that is being excited like the strings of a guitar. Here
is a description from the official String Theory website:
‘’Think of a guitar string that has been tuned by
stretching the string under tension across the guitar. Depending on how the
string is plucked and how much tension is in the string, different musical
notes will be created by the string. These musical notes could be said to be excitation modes
of that guitar string under tension.
In a similar manner, in
string theory, the elementary particles we observe in particle accelerators
could be thought of as the "musical notes" or excitation modes of
elementary string.’’
And here is another excerpt of
the same site:
‘’Pythagoras could be called the first known string theorist.
Pythagoras, an excellent lyre player, figured out the first known string
physics -- the harmonic relationship. Pythagoras realized that vibrating Lyre
strings of equal tensions but different lengths would produce harmonious
notes (i.e. middle C and high C) if the ratio of the
lengths of the two strings were a whole number.’’
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